PCR is a method used to prepare billions of copies of specific DNA sequences. It is often necessary to have a larger number of copies of the specific DNA sequence than that found in a typical sample, to analyze DNA for its sequence or length. In addition, the PCR reaction is highly specific, meaning that it will only produce copies of a desired sequence from the template (sample) DNA. This specificity is ensured by the primers, which are designed to be complementary and anneal to specific regions on each side of the DNA region of interest (target region). These features make PCR a powerful technique to be used, for instance, in genotyping of markers, before sequencing, or in various DNA tests.
Figure 1. PCR consists of three steps: 1. Denaturation, 2. Annealing, and 3. Extension. The steps are repeated many times (often 30), producing billions of DNA copies of specific regions
To prepare billions of DNA copies, many repeated cycles of DNA synthesis are performed in one PCR tube. Each cycle includes three distinct steps defined by the temperature (Figure 1). All cycles are performed without intervention in a PCR machine, which can change automatically the temperature to create the steps.
By the end of one cycle, parts of the initial DNA strands have been doubled in number. By the end of, e.g., 30 cycles, usually performed in PCR, at least 1 billion(230)copies of the target sequence will be present in the tube. For performing PCR, you need to add a thermostable DNA polymerase, nucleotides, primers, and DNA you want to use as your template.
Several reagents are required to perform a PCR experiment;
When preparing for a PCR experiment, you must be extra careful for potential contaminations. PCR is a very powerful technique to amplify DNA. This means that if you have a tiny contamination (for example, DNA coming from other sample), this DNA can also be amplified, competing with the original template and destroying your experiment results. To prevent contamination, you need to always use gloves and work in a very clean environment (change the pipette tips when you are pipetting from a different container, tie your hair, and do not cough or sneeze around the PCR workbench).
In order to create PCR products that can be cloned to plasmid directly, it is necessary to add restriction site at both ends of the PCR product. These restriction site addition can be done using a pair of primers with specific restriction site added at 5' end. Each primer contains a restriction site at 5' end and a hybridization site at 3' end. Consult therestriction site table选择正确的限制网站。选定的限制站点必须满足以下要求:
Follow these step to create primer :
Forward primer
Choose 18-22 bp at the beginning of gene of interest sequence (make sure it satisfied the good primer requirements).
Add restriction site sequence at 5'end.
反向引物
Choose 18-22 bp at the end of gene of interest sequence (make sure it satisfied the good primer requirements).
Reverse complement the chosen sequence.
Add restriction sites sequence at 5' end.